電梯控制系統的結構組成

電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)拖動(dong)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)邏輯(ji)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)拖動(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)垂直(zhi)方向主(zhu)(zhu)拖動(dong)電(dian)路和(he)轎廂(xiang)開(kai)關電(dian)路，其性(xing)能對電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)運行時乘客的(de)(de)(de)舒(shu)適感(gan)有著重要(yao)影響。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)邏輯(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部分(fen)(fen)則是由眾多呼叫按鈕、傳(chuan)感(gan)器、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用繼電(dian)器、指示燈和(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)核心器件(PLC)等組成(cheng)，是電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)安全町靠運行的(de)(de)(de)關鍵，是電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統自動(dong)化程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)拖動(dong)系(xi)統控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)以電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)運行速(su)(su)度(du)為(wei)(wei)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)，以給定速(su)(su)度(du)曲(qu)線作為(wei)(wei)依據(ju)，利用模擬控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裝置(zhi)或數字(zi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裝置(zhi)，針(zhen)對曳引(yin)電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)調(diao)速(su)(su)方式構(gou)成(cheng)閉環(huan)或開(kai)環(huan)的(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)度(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統，從(cong)而實現電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)運動(dong)狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)邏輯(ji)系(xi)統控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)以電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)操縱調(diao)度(du)為(wei)(wei)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)，以電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)空間(jian)距離和(he)時間(jian)間(jian)隔的(de)(de)(de)嚴密配合為(wei)(wei)依據(ju)，利用直(zhi)接(jie)或間(jian)接(jie)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手(shou)段，完成(cheng)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)運行過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)協調(diao)動(dong)作，實現電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)服務運行的(de)(de)(de)安全、高效、舒(shu)適。

電梯控制系統設計的思路

通過分析電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，首先選擇合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)PLC。PLC是整(zheng)個(ge)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心部件，它對保證(zheng)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術指標和質(zhi)量是至關重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。根(gen)據系統(tong)(tong)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)合理(li)分配I/O接(jie)(jie)口，編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)PLC的(de)(de)(de)(de)l/O地址分配表，并(bing)繪制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)I/O端子接(jie)(jie)線(xian)閑，最(zui)后編寫電(dian)梯(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)件，其(qi)包括PLC控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)件和上位機控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)件。編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)PLC控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)件需(xu)要(yao)(yao)深入了解電(dian)梯(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)與主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本方(fang)法以及系統(tong)(tong)應(ying)完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動作(zuo)、自動工作(zuo)循環的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)和必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護等方(fang)面，可將電(dian)梯(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任務分解為獨(du)侈的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)個(ge)部分，利用(yong)結構化(hua)模塊化(hua)方(fang)法進行(xing)編程。人機界面的(de)(de)(de)(de)PLC控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)，對電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)管理(li)至關重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)。

電梯控制系統的軟件設計

電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)軟件設(she)計是PLC電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)計的(de)(de)關鍵環(huan)節。在其軟件設(she)計過(guo)程中，一要(yao)堅持功能完(wan)(wan)善、面面俱(ju)到(dao)的(de)(de)原則，保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)安全(quan)有(you)效地運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)；二要(yao)遵循結構簡練、易讀易改的(de)(de)原則，盡量(liang)(liang)減(jian)(jian)少程序量(liang)(liang)，采(cai)用模塊化設(she)計，充(chong)分利用PLC中的(de)(de)各種(zhong)指(zhi)令優化程序，縮短PLC程序掃描時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)精度。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)實際上是一個(ge)人機(ji)交瓦式的(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，并且電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中各種(zhong)輸入(ru)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)是隨(sui)(sui)機(ji)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)，即存在很多不確定(ding)因(yin)素。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)又有(you)大量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)自鎖(suo)，互鎖(suo)關系(xi)，故單純采(cai)用順(shun)序控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)不能滿(man)足控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求，因(yin)此電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)采(cai)用隨(sui)(sui)機(ji)邏輯方式控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，即在以(yi)順(shun)序邏輯控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)基本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，根據(ju)隨(sui)(sui)機(ji)的(de)(de)輸入(ru)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)，以(yi)及電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)相應狀態適時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。結合拖動系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，PLC接收來(lai)(lai)自操縱(zong)盤(pan)和(he)(he)每層(ceng)的(de)(de)呼(hu)叫信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)、轎廂和(he)(he)廳門系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)功能信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)以(yi)及井道和(he)(he)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)狀態信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)，經程序判斷與運(yun)算實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)集選控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。PLC在輸出(chu)(chu)顯示和(he)(he)監控(kong)(kong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，根據(ju)隨(sui)(sui)機(ji)邏輯控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求，向(xiang)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)方向(xiang)、啟動、加(jia)／減(jian)(jian)速運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)動停梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)等信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)。由(you)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)根據(ju)一定(ding)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)規律和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)算法來(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，當(dang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)故障時(shi)(shi)，PLC向(xiang)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)，其中各個(ge)廳門和(he)(he)轎廂操縱(zong)盤(pan)上的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)廳門、轎廂控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)以(yi)串行(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)方式送入(ru)PLC，完(wan)(wan)成電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)工作全(quan)過(guo)程。

根據(ju)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的電(dian)氣控制(zhi)要求，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)總(zong)是按照一定(ding)的程序(xu)重復地進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動作(zuo)，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的循環過(guo)程為：檢測呼叫／選(xuan)層(ceng)信號，判斷(duan)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方向(xiang)，起(qi)動運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，在(zai)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程中，要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)順向(xiang)截梯(ti)(ti)(ti)、呼梯(ti)(ti)(ti)和轎內(nei)選(xuan)擇記憶等(deng)操(cao)作(zuo)，到達層(ceng)站時，執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)開(kai)門、關門程序(xu)。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)實際運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中的PLC控制(zhi)功能流程圖(tu)如圖(tu)4所示。PLC上電(dian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)首先進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)自檢，確定(ding)無故障后，開(kai)始(shi)控制(zhi)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情況可分(fen)為靜止和運(yun)(yun)(yun)作(zuo)兩個狀態(tai)。

①在(zai)靜(jing)止狀態下(xia)電梯(ti)停于某層，這時電梯(ti)所接受的信(xin)(xin)號有(you)兩類：來自其它層的呼叫(jiao)信(xin)(xin)號，PLC根據(ju)呼叫(jiao)信(xin)(xin)號的響應流程(cheng)，做(zuo)出上(shang)(shang)行(xing)(xing)或下(xia)行(xing)(xing)的決定，使曳(ye)引電機得電上(shang)(shang)升或下(xia)降；電梯(ti)停靠的本層有(you)呼叫(jiao)信(xin)(xin)號，則執行(xing)(xing)開關(guan)門(men)的程(cheng)序，而后根據(ju)選層信(xin)(xin)號，電梯(ti)上(shang)(shang)行(xing)(xing)或下(xia)行(xing)(xing)。

②電(dian)梯正在運行狀態：如(ru)果是下行，只響應下招呼梯信號(hao)；上行過程(cheng)中(zhong)只響應上招信號(hao)。電(dian)梯在運行過程(cheng)中(zhong)具有樓(lou)層指(zhi)示和上行或(huo)下行的(de)狀態指(zhi)示，這樣可以使轎廂內外的(de)乘客清(qing)楚的(de)知道電(dian)梯的(de)運行狀態。

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